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Hematuria | |
Estrogen therapy helps to maintain and restore the health of urethral tissues in women who have undergone menopause (the end of monthly menstrual periods). In particular, estrogen appears to reduce stress incontinence and heighten bladder outlet resistance by increasing blood flow, tone and nerve response in the urethral muscle. Yet the exact mechanism of estrogen is still unknown. Studies suggest that estrogen replacement therapy, by oral or vaginal administration, may benefit patients with stress incontinence or mixed incontinence. To prevent an abnormal build-up of the endometrium (lining of the uterus), estrogen replacement should be given with the pregnancy hormone progesterone (Premphase). Medications such as Introl and Suctimpro should only be used if the patient's uterus is present --that is, only if the patient has not had a hysterectomy (operation to remove the uterus). Various doses of estrogen and progesterone are available. Oral conjugated estrogen usually is given at doses of 0.3-1.25mg per day, and vaginal estrogen is given at 0.5-2.0g per day. In addition, estradiol --the most potent naturally occurring estrogen in humans --is available as a skin-patch (Alora, Climara, Fempatch, Vivelle, Estraderm) and as a vaginal ring (Estring). All of the sepreparations release estrogen slowly. Estrogen therapy is not recommended for patients with diagnosed or suspected cancer of the breast, cervixoruterus, or for patients with undiagnosed vaginal bleeding or blood clotting disorders such as thrombophlebitis (inflammation and clotting of the veins) or thromboembolism (blood clot |plugging2 of a blood vessel).
A painless swelling of the scrotum, caused by a collection of fluid around the testicle; commonly occurs in middle-aged men.
Hyoscyamine sulfate, like oxybutynin chloride, is an anticholinergic and antispasmotic drug. It is prescribed for the treatment of urge incontinence. Hyoscyamine sulfate is specifically contraindicated (improper) for patients with obstructive urinary tract disorders (for example, bladder neck obstruction due to an enlarged prostate) and for those with glaucoma or ulcerative colitis (severe inflammation of the large intestine). - The usual dosage of hyoscyamine sulfate is one to two 0.375 mg tablets every 12 hours.
A condition characterized in which the pelvic floor muscles can no longer provide the necessary support to the urethra and bladder neck. As a result, the bladder neck drops when any downward pressure is applied and causing involuntary leakage. This condition is the most common cause of stress urinary incontinence.
Excessive growth of normal cells of an organ.
Gonadotropin shortage in a sexually mature man usually is the result of a pituitary tumor, which influences the secretion of the gonadotropins LH and FSH. A tumor, whether small (microadenoma; less than 10 mm) or large (macroadenoma; greater than 10 mm), may cause excess secretion of prolactin, a hormone produced by the front of the pituitary. Affected men may experience a loss of libido (sexual desire), reduced potency, gynecomastia (overdevelopment of the male breasts), galactorrhea (spontaneous milk flow), and altered sperm production. Also, they may produce particularly small amounts of ejaculate, due to abnormal function of the Leydig cells (testosterone-producing cells) within the testes. In addition, pituitary insufficiency can result from other, less common factors such as pituitary damage from surgery or radiation. The signs of postpubertal gonadotropin deficiency may arise years before any other symptoms of pituitary tumor (i.e., headache, changes in the visual field, or low levels of thyroid and adrenal hormones) . If the pituitary tumor is long-standing (5 to 10 years), the patient eventually may begin to lose secondary sex characteristics, and the testes may become small, soft and atrophied (shrunken). Blood testosterone level will be below normal, gonadotropin levels will be low/low-normal, and testis biopsy will show a lack of mature Leydig cells. In addition, men with postpubertal gonadotropism may have below-normal blood levels of corticosteroids, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and growth hormone. Men with suspected tumors should undergo scanning by CT (computerized tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and they should undergo functional laboratory testing of the anterior pituitary, thyroid and kidney. Since prolactin release is governed by the catecholamine dopamine, the dopamine-like medication bromocriptine will reduce prolactin levels and restore normal gonadal function in men with prolactin-secreting tumors (see also Drug Therapy). The customary therapeutic dose is 5-10 mg daily.